What is a Major Neurocognitive Disorder?
A major neurocognitive disorder (MNCD) is a medical condition characterized by a significant decline in cognitive abilities that interferes with a person’s ability to live independently. It is commonly referred to as dementia, although dementia is technically a subtype of MNCD.
Key Features:
Significant cognitive decline: This includes memory loss, trouble with language, poor judgment, or difficulty focusing.
Functional impairment: The decline must interfere with daily life activities like managing finances, cooking, dressing, or driving.
Progressive: In many cases, the condition gradually worsens over time.
Not due to delirium or other psychiatric disorders: The symptoms must be the result of a physical or neurological condition.
Common Causes of Major Neurocognitive Disorder:
Alzheimer’s disease – the most common cause, accounting for 60–80% of cases.
Vascular dementia – caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, often after a stroke.
Lewy body dementia – involves abnormal protein deposits in the brain.
Frontotemporal dementia – affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, often leading to personality and behavior changes.
Traumatic brain injury – long-term effects from serious head injuries.
HIV, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and substance abuse may also cause MNCD.
Symptoms May Include:
Memory loss that disrupts daily life
Confusion about time or place
Difficulty speaking, reading, or writing
Poor judgment or decision-making
Personality or mood changes
Difficulty recognizing familiar people or tasks
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis is made by healthcare professionals through:
Clinical interviews and cognitive tests
Neuroimaging (e.g., MRI, CT scans)
Blood tests to rule out other causes
Psychiatric evaluation when necessary
Early diagnosis is important for planning, treatment, and improving quality of life.
Treatment:
There is no cure for most types of major neurocognitive disorders, but treatment can help manage symptoms:
Medications may temporarily improve memory or slow progression.
Therapies (occupational, speech, or cognitive therapy)
Supportive care from caregivers and mental health professionals
Lifestyle changes such as routine, healthy diet, and physical activity
In Summary:
A major neurocognitive disorder is a serious condition involving cognitive decline that affects daily functioning. It is commonly linked with dementia-related diseases and requires medical evaluation for proper management.
